Disobedient Customers and Employee Turnover Intentions

Disobedient Customers and Employee Turnover Intentions Introduction â€Å"The customer is always right† is a slogan popularized by the management to encourage their staff to take customer complaints seriously (Zikmund Babin, 2006). The underlying assumption is that customers are always â€Å"rational and functional† in their encounters with employees (Harris Reynolds, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Disobedient Customers and Employee Turnover Intentions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While honest customer feedback is vital in improving business services or products and growth, addressing unrealistic expectations and requests can affect employees’ morale, leading to high turnover rates (Ben-Zur Yagil, 2005). Therefore, business owners should protect staff from deviant customers to improve employees’ satisfaction, increase confidence in their work and reduce turnover intention. Research shows that there are a variety of fact ors which affect employees’ turnover intentions. According to Harris and Reynolds (2003), such factors may include consumer aggression, job satisfaction, workload, distributive justice and management style. In-depth research reveals that some of the aforementioned factors have positive influence whereas others have negative impact on employees’ turnover intentions (Harris Reynolds, 2003). Research Question The research question for this study is as follows: does customer deviance influence turnover intentions in the service industry? Research Objective The objective of the study is to identify the effect of customer deviance on turnover intentions in the service industry. Background Research Research shows that unruly customers cause psychological and emotional stress to staff through verbal abuse, unreasonable requests, and disrespect for company’s policies (Harry Reynolds, 2003). According to a study conducted by Zikmund and Babin (2006), some customers disp lay verbal aggression that affects employees’ turnover intention. As employees play a mediating role between employers and customers, they may suffer from emotional exhaustion (Harris Reynolds, 2003). When employees face aggression and pressure from their employers, they are likely to develop psychological stress. Harris and Reynolds (2003) point out that psychological stress in the workplace undermines staff morale and job satisfaction, which increases turnover.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this view, Zikmund and Babin (2006) emphasize that support from the management can help staff to deal with hostile clients. Ben-Zur and Yagil (2005) highlight that lack of organizational support and customers’ deviance can cause â€Å"burnout, emotional exhaustion, and low self-esteem† among the personnel. This eventually affects employeesâ €™ productivity and retention. Thus, customer deviance coupled with a lack of organizational support can increase turnover. Research conducted by Zikmund and Babin (2006) also confirms that burnout among employees often occurs due to consumers’ deviance, which leads to undesirable outcomes such as diminished performance, customer dissatisfaction, low commitment to organizational goals and absenteeism. It is therefore beyond reasonable doubt that burnout directly affects employees’ turnover intentions. It is shown that there are personality resources such as optimism and hardiness that keep employees from burning out due to customer aggression (Zikmund Babin, 2006). Numerous studies compare the difference in turnover among employees in different employment sectors. Previous research demonstrates that professionals such as doctors rarely encounter customer aggression, hence they have more job satisfaction than e.g. bank workers and other employees (Harris Reynolds, 2003). Consequently, doctors are less likely to leave their job or absent themselves from it. The research conducted by Harris and Reynolds (2003) also shows that the majority of employees in different sectors get little pay and experience pressure from their bosses, yet they are less likely to leave their jobs, in contrast to those who have to cope with customer aggression. Zikmund and Babin (2006) reiterate that independence in one’s job helps to overcome customer aggression. For instance, while the customer is always right, the doctors can rarely be questioned for their actions, unlike banks and factories employees (Ben-Zur Yagil, 2005). In other words, professions where workers are protected from customer aggression record low turnover intentions. Hypothesis The study will test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in turnover intentions between bank employees (front-desk staff) and factory workers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper samp le on Disobedient Customers and Employee Turnover Intentions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research Design Previous researchers have relied on survey methodology in order to obtain anecdotal observations on customer aggression and employees’ turnover intentions (Harris Reynolds, 2003). Numerous theories presented in the past have been empirically tested through use of multiple methodologies. However, research-based studies have been proved to be more reliable. Therefore, the study design will involve a descriptive research design. In this case, the research will be qualitative in nature. The study will have dependent and independent variables. Customer deviance will be used as an independent variable. On the other hand, there will be key dependent variables in the study. These will include turnover intention, job satisfaction, customer incivility, and organizational/management support. The study will draw its participants from the front-desk and management staff that spend most of their working hours interacting with customers responding to their problems, queries and complaints. Interview method will be used to collect data from the participants. Each respondent will be interviewed in a 15-minute session using semi-structured questions. The key focus will be on customer incivility, management support, and turnover intentions. It is important to highlight that information provided by participants will be treated as confidential. Data analysis will involve thematic analysis method. Sampling Approach The study focuses on employees’ response to customer aggression. Therefore, the sampled participants will strictly include people who are in banking industry and factory jobs. Moreover, the participants must have ample and direct contact with customers. A convenient sample of 25 participants will be picked from the staff of a bank and a factory. It will consist of 10 front-desk staff (bank), 10 factory work ers, and 5 managers/supervisors. The participants will be selected through random sampling. Moreover, the researcher may use simple but stratified method to sample out participants depending on the nature of employment, age, sex and employment duration. In order to facilitate this procedure, a preliminary request for participation will be sent to the institutions to obtain approval and informed consent. Upon approval, the researcher will schedule the interview dates to collect the data.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Possible Types of Secondary Data Secondary data for hypothesis testing will be obtained from existing sources when primary data is unavailable. Zikmund and Babin (2006) outline four different forms of secondary data, namely, published data, which include personnel records, government reports, public sector reports, and electronic records. Journals, books, and periodicals archived in libraries are the major sources of published data (Zikmund Babin, 2006). These sources will be used to obtain and compare data acquired by different researchers in their study. Data published in periodicals and journals will be preferred since they are often reliable and present-day. Personnel records will encompass personal communications that can be used as sources of secondary data (Landrum, 2014). Personal letters and diaries can provide information, but efforts must be taken to eliminate any bias they may contain.  According to Zikmund and Babin (2006), government reports, particularly â€Å"sur veys, tax records, and census data†, can also provide secondary data for hypothesis testing (p. 37). They are widely available on official government websites and databases. In addition, public/private sector reports published by various institutions contain information that can be useful in the research (Landrum, 2014). Documentaries and films provide electronic data that can also be helpful in the study. To test the study’s hypothesis, the researcher will use more than one type of secondary data (Landrum, 2014). Government reports, newspaper/magazine articles, and private sector reports will be useful sources of secondary data. These sources will provide useful statistics on turnover rates in the banking and manufacturing industries. This will allow the researcher to compare turnover rates between factory and banking staff. Possible Measurement Benchmarks and Scales A benchmark indicates the critical point at which the difference between the sample mean and the expect ed value becomes significant, that is, it supports the null hypothesis (Landrum, 2014). A p-value indicates the acceptable level of significance of a test (Zikmund Babin, 2006). In most studies, the p-values of 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01 are used as benchmarks for acceptable levels of type I error. When the value obtained from statistical tests, such as t-test or Z-test, is lower than the benchmark value, it indicates that the difference is significant or the null hypothesis is not supported.  According to Zikmund and Babin (2006, p. 155), the main scales used to measure variables include â€Å"nominal, ordinal, ratio, and interval† scales. The nominal scale classifies variables into mutually exclusive groups while the ordinal scale organizes data in a ranking order or hierarchy. In an interval scale, the difference between any two values is fixed. On the other hand, a ratio scale is similar to an interval one, but contains â€Å"a true zero point† (Zikmund Babin, 2006, p . 157). The type of measurement scale to be used in research depends on the nature of the study variables.  The proposed research will use a single measurement benchmark, namely,  p = 0.05. Higher values than 0.05 will indicate an acceptable level of significance, i.e., the null hypothesis will be accepted. To measure turnover intentions, job satisfaction, customer incivility perceptions, and organizational support, the study will use the Likert (interval) scale. This scale will provide quantitative differences between the participants’ responses with respect to the four study variables. Data Collection As mentioned earlier, data will be obtained from secondary sources such as books, journals, periodicals, government reports amongst other published materials. Primary data will be obtained from structured interviews. The researcher will email all the participants in advance in order to explain to them the intent of the study and to assure them about the confidentiality of the information that they are to provide during interviews. Responses given by participants will be entered into the MS-Access database for easier analysis. Data Analysis A statistical package may be used to analyze data in order to determine the validity of scales used. SPSS and Microsoft Excel will assist in calculating statistical frequencies (Landrum, 2014). Use of hierarchal regression will aid in comparing the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable such as turnover intensions and level of satisfaction. A co-relational analysis will help to establish the relationship between customer’s deviance and employees’ turnover intentions. Results Upon examining the behavior of employees in various work environments, the researcher will be able to establish the relationship between customer deviance and employees’ turnover intentions. The researcher will consider all demographic factors such as age, sex, job characteristics and hours of interaction with customers. Discussion and implications Depending on the results obtained in the study and the laid objectives, the researcher will be able to make conclusions. Therefore, discussion will be conclusive by approving or disapproving the research hypothesis (Landrum, 2014). The conclusion will determine the implications of the research. Hence, the researcher will make recommendations based on the research implications. It is worth pointing out that major findings will help to formulate managerial implications such as reinforcement of customer orientation and distributive justice. Plans for analyzing the obtained data Upon conducting the interviews with the sampled set of employees, the collected materials will be organized and subjected to thematic analysis in order to find out types of data that occur with certain frequency, which will allow for initial qualitative evaluation of influence of the independent variable (customer deviation) on the dependent variables (turnover intenti on, job satisfaction, customer incivility, and management support). The standard data analysis scheme of editing, coding, and filing the information will be used (Zikmund Babin, 2006, p. 479). After that, the filed information will be evaluated in accordance with Likert scale, and a hierarchical regression will be employed in order to capture the qualitative differences between the responses of the interviewees. Statistical software can be used to determine the qualitative differences and allow for easier co-relational analysis of the obtained data. The null hypothesis can then be tested using the p-value method. Plans for analyzing the achieved results The results will be presented by describing the sampled set of workers, explaining the methodology used in the study, and displaying the results obtained in each of the steps of analyzing the data. The null hypothesis will then be accepted or rejected (depending on the result of the p-value test), and, in case of the positive outcom e, the research question (â€Å"Does customer deviance influence turnover intentions in the service industry?†) will be answered along with presenting the quantitative results obtained. Perceived lacunae of the results will be subjected to discussion. The discussion will also include a comparison between the outcome of the research and the data that is present in secondary sources (reports, journal articles, books etc.) related to the topic, as well as possible explanations for the achieved results. The implications of the study will also be considered, and recommendations based on them will be made. References Ben-Zur, H., Yagil, D. (2005). The Relationship between Empowerment, Aggressive Behaviours of Customers, Coping, and Burnout. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 81-99. Harris, L. C., Reynolds, K. L. (2003). The Consequences of Dysfunctional Customer Behaviour. Journal of Service Research, 6, 144-161. Landrum, E. (2014). Research Methods for B usiness: Tools and Applications. New York, NY: Sage Publishers Inc. Zikmund, W., Babin, B. (2006). Essentials of Marketing Research. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Analyse a text connected with your degree subject (which is Film and Essay

Analyse a text connected with your degree subject (which is Film and TV Studies) by applying the ideas of Marx and Althusser - Essay Example what Marx has said about History in his book The holy family, or Critique of critical criticism (1844), Generic thinks it should be understood that â€Å"cinema doesnt make itself, cinema isnt made for itself, cinema is made by and for us. Films relation to the mass becomes a question of how to understand its situation as a medium capable of reaching many millions of people, potentially disparate in place and time.† (Generic. 2006). In today’s world, cinema is still one of the most influential medium to reach a large mass of people across the world. All the social, political, cultural and ideological issues which have, or could have created raves in the history of human beings are dealt from a common or unusual perspective in cinema. A section of people use this medium to express their ideas and beliefs on a particular topic which sometimes collide with the established school of thoughts, and sometimes greatly accepted. The underlying discussion on the above-mentioned b ook focuses specifically on the aspect of feminism in line with the perceptions of Karl Marx and Louis Althusser. Marx’s ideology of history being the struggle between classes is also applicable in the history of feminism. Women as a dominated class have struggled for identity and existence against the male class. They have fought for their freedom from patriarchal control, for their rights and privileges as independent human beings. Women have evolved through slavery to primitive communism- a term supposed to have introduced by Marx to indicate rights of an individual to basic resources and freedom from authoritarian rule and hierarchical social structure. The Marxist theory of feminism focuses on shattering of capitalism in order to emancipate women. The capitalist society, which largely values personal assets to demarcate the social position of an individual, is at the base of women’s oppression, according to Marxist feminism. Marx and Engel analyses that if the capitalist society, which

Question response Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Question response - Coursework Example This in fact frequently happens, such organizations are called sects and their faith sometimes can be based on absurd things (like Flying Spaghetti Monster or something like this). That’s why there must be some criteria to estimate whether an organization can be authoritative enough to get funding, for example, worldwide acceptance and straight canon of religious traditions of an organization. One more problem with creating new faith-based organizations is that they can teach new generations to do some harmful things, because justifying, for example, not curing disease relying on â€Å"faith healing† may be even fatal. To control some things that people can justify by religion or faith government should pass some acts (especially ethical ones), which will require some definite behavioral patterns in certain situations. As far as religious organizations are social institutions, they work within certain state and under its law, that’s why they must be controlled by the government and be partly supported by it within some scopes of

Development from Conception to 16 Years Essay Example for Free

Development from Conception to 16 Years Essay E1- The age group I have chosen to describe is birth to 3 year olds on their physical development and communication and language development. In this age range the physical development changes from birth where they generally don’t do anything which develops as between 3 – 6 months the child can hold a rattle for a moment, reaching for a toy, putting toys in their mouth, lifting their head up, moving their arms to indicate wanting to be picked up and rolling over. This development changes much more as when the child is 9 – 18 months as they can grasp objects, can sit unsupported, can crawl , can point at objects, start to use a spoon and self-feed, start to walk, start to scribble and build a tower of three blocks. Then at 2 years the child can draw circles and dots, can use spoons to feed their self’s effectively, can run, climb on furniture and use sit and ride toys. At 3 years the child can do all the stuff from the ages before but also turn the pages of a book, wash and dry their own hands, run forwards and backwards, kick a stationary ball and throw a ball as this develop is done with the help of the child’s family as the encourage the child’s physical development. The communication and language development happens because at this age there co-operation from early motherese by asking them to show you objects and then learn to follow simple instructions but their communication and language develops as first all the can do is cry and make cooing noises which then turns to babbling at 6 – 10 months where they â€Å"goo† and â€Å"ma† as the child blends vowels and consonants together to make tuneful sounds. Then at around 12 months this develops to the child saying â€Å"momma† and â€Å"dada† as they start to show facial expressions and gestures but can now combine sounds. From 1 – 2 years they learn more words so they can make mini sentences when they speak and manage to name things when you point to something, and from 2 – 3 years they can communicate well and manage to ask questions and say full sentences as at this age there is a large increase in a child’s vocabulary combined with an increase in the use sentences. E2- The age group I have chosen to describe is 3 – 7 year olds on their physical development and communication and language development. In this age range the physical development changes from being 3 years and being able to just learning to walk and run, walk on their tiptoes, wash and dry their hands, put a coat on and off and use a spoon to feed them self’s without the  food spilling. To when they are 4 – 5 years where the child should start being able to button and unbutton their own clothing, cut simple shapes, put puzzles together specifically for their age range, write their name, form letters, draw recognisable pictures, cut out shapes with scissors, draw around a template, walk on a line, hop on one foot, skip with a rope, run quickly avoiding objects and use a variety of large equipment on their own (e.g. slide, swings†¦). Then at the age 6 – 7 years the child should be able to join handwriting, cut shapes out accurately, make detailed dra wings, tie and untie shoelaces, hop, skip and jump confidently, chase and dodge others, balance on a beam and use a bicycle. This is because in this age the child is helped through their physical development by their parents, family, teachers and peers as they encourage the child. Communication and language development happens very effectively in this age range as at 3 – 4 years they are able to ask questions and be fascinated with answers given to them by saying â€Å"if† to find out what happens, say their name age address and be more accurate in speaking how they pronounce words. At 4-7 years the child tries to understand the meaning of words, talk more confidently and begins to be more and more fluent, manages to add vocabulary all of the time in their speech, begin to share ideas, begin to realise different situations and define what objects are, this is because in this age range a child masters the basic skills of language and masters the reproduction of most sounds. E3- One theoretical perspective linking to E1 and E2 is Chomsky’s theory of language development. His theory is a nativist theory as he suggests that humans have a built in ability to learn a language. Chomsky states that children have a â€Å"Language Acquisition Device† (LAD) which encodes the major principles of a language into a child’s brain. Chomsky’s theory also states that children are able to use language so accurately from an early age because they only have to learn the new vocabulary and apply the structures from the LAD to form sentences. Chomsky believes that they cannot be learning the language purely through imitation as the speech around them is often broken and ungrammatical. Even with extremely complex languages children will become fluent in their native language by the age of 5 or 6. A second theoretical perspective linking to E1 and E2 is Skinner’s theory of language development. Skinner’s theory is a nurture or behaviouristic theory. According to Skinner’s theory a child initially  acquires through an operant process this means that the child learns voluntarily without any external force so learning of its own free will and without any sort of pressure. According to Skinner the whole process is based upon 4 elements as it is stated on slideshare.net which are â€Å"stimulus, response, reinforcement and repetition†. For example a child will make a sound if they want something. If the child gets the response it wants they will associate that sound with the act or response and will continue to use it to achieve that response. Skinner believes that learning language is no different from learning anything else and anything which is lodged in the mind of the child becomes part and parcel of the child’s life. E5- for my observations I have done a tick chart, time sample and written narrative on a child aged 3 years and 11 months E6- In order to maintain confidentiality throughout the observations each child is referred to as child A, B or X rather than their names being used so that other people do not recognise who we are observing should they know the child. Each setting is referred to in a general form such as primary school, pre-school and nursery. The information gathered is only accessible to the observer and in some cases the teacher or a high member of staff if something is noticed that is either of a concern or needs addressing. Also maintaining confidentiality is very important in a setting as it shows respect to people so then they can trust you so if they have any concerns then can come and tell you. But if a child is at risk confidentially may be broken if a practitioner thinks child protection should know. D1- The observations that I carried out show that child A struggles to recognise numbers and letters in general. This may be because they are a kinaesthetic learner and is more confident in absorbing information through practical methods rather than through visual methods. This suggests that child A needs more help with their numbers and writing so to help we could plan activities to help do these which are more appropriate to the child’s learning style and suggest at home they practise counting and writing to develop on this to get them up to the same or a similar level as the rest in their year. Also the observations show that child A is not yet confident about showing and talking to the rest of the class at show and tell, this may be because the child is very shy which could be because the child is not used to being at the school yet and doesn’t feel confident enough as they might still not know everyone and become shy because they  have never noticed or spoke to s ome of their peers. D2- the observations in E4 can help with planning to meet the child’s needs as from observing you can see the child’s interests and find the best way to help them reach the next level of development or ways to maintain a desirable behaviour. Doing observations also helps early years practioners learn more about the age group they are working with so then they will be able to plan activities to each individuals learning styles and individual needs. For example the child I observed in E4 is not very confident talking to the whole class at show and tell so from knowing that I would plan for them to do group work with friends at first then try and mix groups so she still has 2 friends with her so they can make new friends with the people in the class they haven’t spoken to, to try and gain confidence to talk to all other peer’s in the class. Also the child turned out to be a kinaesthetic learner so while planning I would make sure there are activities to just get on with and do so the child can do activities that are to their interest and learning style as well as trying things that are not their favourite learning style but my help them in some way. C- Confidentiality and objective observation are both subjects that are seen as important; this is because confidentiality is very important in teaching and for practioners to keep confidentiality which means they can only speak of things they have seen in the workplace to other members of the staff or supervisors if it is a concern, but no one else outside of the placement should be informed. By using confidentiality we are assuring the safety of the child and their family. Also we are able to make and keep a reputation for ourselves and the setting so we gain the trust of parents, guardians and the local community by protecting information and the children plus working to a child’s best interest. Each child and their family are diverse as they all have their own differences so if we include every child in an observation it shows to be unbiased. The issues which are essential to confidentiality are personal attitudes and values, sharing information, safe storage of information, working with parents, legal requirements and polices.

Galahad as a Christ Figure Essay -- God Religion Galahad Essays Papers

Galahad as a Christ Figure Very few people can call themselves a Christ figure. There are so many elements that go into being a Christ figure. Galahad had all those elements. He was enraptured, he saw 'the wonders of the Holy Grail', and he had disciples. Also, he made life better for human beings by sacrificing himself for others, he preformed miracles, and he heard holy voices and saw holy visions. Because of all that he did Galahad was a proven Christ figure of his time. Galahad would hear holy voices and see visions throughout his journeys. Galahad saw a vision of angels praying about a silver table, meaning that he was close to the end of his search for the Holy Grail. Many times voices would help him and warn him. At one time he was about to kill one of the knights he had been fighting when a voice told him, 'If those two knights had known you as well as I do, they would let you alone.' Hearing this, Galahad rode off without killing either of the knights. The voice saved him from killing his own father. 'For once caution was the better part of valor!' Performing miracles to make life better for human beings is a characteristic that Christ figures possess. When the silver table appeared on Galahad?s boat, he needed help taking it off. He called to an old crippled man to help him carry it. The old man told Galahad that he had been crippled for far too long and such a task would be impossible for him. Finally, the cripple obeyed Galahad and when he stood up he ...

Poverty and the Global Sex Trade Essay

As the global economy continues to slide downhill, the global poverty case worsens. Major businesses are forced to shut down, causing more and more people to lose their jobs everyday. People are willing to do anything just to earn money in order for them to put food on their plates. Because of this, many are forced to do things they don’t even want to do. This is the case of the global sex trade. Fueled by the worsening global poverty, more and more people resort to prostitution in order to survive. The culprit: poverty Before we discuss the growing problem of global sex trade, we should focus first on its main cause: poverty. In the 2005 World Bank report on poverty, it is stated that almost half of the world’s total population or more than 3 billion people live on less than two and a half dollars a day (Shah, 2009). Also, around 80% of all humanity lives on less than ten dollars every day (Shah, 2009). With that established, we can say that majority of the people are suffering from poverty, pushing us to doing whatever we can to earn money for our survival. The facts mentioned above were taken even before the global economic crisis that we’re experiencing now. So if we consider it as another factor, it is easy to assume that the global poverty problem even worsened. From what I’ve read, I can say that everyone is affected by the global poverty problem. Even the rich people are shutting down their businesses. But still the ones more affected by the worsening case of poverty are the poor people. They are poor to begin with, so as the poverty problem worsens, their situation also worsens. They’re poor even when they have a job, so when they get fired or laid off because of the global economic crisis, then they’ll be the ones who will be forced to do anything just to earn money. They’re more likely to commit crimes or be involved in prostitution not because they wanted to, but because they have no other choice. The crime: global sex trade We have now established that poverty could push people into doing things they don’t want to do. We now focus on the specific problem of sex trade or sex trafficking. According to Sarah M. Gonzales, as spokesperson of Captive Daughters Organization, sex trade acts â€Å"as the delivery system for prostitution† and that it involves a lot of young, poor women and even under aged girls turning to sex trade and prostitution as that they would be able to provide for themselves and their families because they’re left with no other choice (Gonzales, 2008). What most of us don’t know is that usually, sex trade is a big business, wherein some people are exploiting others for their own profit. It is a big business, coming in second to drug and gun trafficking worldwide. According to the United States government, the profit that criminals make out of the sex trade business can reach up to $9. 5 billion annually. There are efforts to curb this problem, including the arrest of the people behind major sex trade business. But as the poverty problem worsens, more and more people resort to this business despite its illegal, exploitative nature. The trade has continued to grow worldwide, as we continue to suffer more with poverty. In order to address this problem, two aspects should be addressed properly. One is capturing the criminals who orchestrate the sex trade, and the other one is addressing poverty, which is the main reason why sex trafficking continues to proliferate. The victim: the youth For me, I am against sex trade, and with the worsening of its global condition, I firmly believe that we should give our best efforts to solve this problem. In order to further understand why we need to give more focus on this problem, we have to look at the ones who are directly affected by these problems. It isn’t really the middle-aged working class who suffer more from this problem. It’s the youth who bears this burden in their shoulders. At times of need, these young men and women are compelled to risk their bodies and their lives just to earn money to support their family. They’re the ones exploited; the ones who are supposed to be our future would end up getting exploited and abused all because of poverty. This exploitation of the youth in sex trade is not confined to one part of the world only. It affects every corner of the globe, rich and poor countries alike. As long as poverty exists, the youth will continue to be exploited and be a global commodity in the sex trade. According to Stephan Faris, a WEnews correspondent, a foreign prostitute in Italy could make â€Å"far more than Nigeria’s average income of less than a dollar a day† and this could be a very encouraging deal for a girl’s family to send their daughter into sex trafficking (Faris, 2002). When sex trafficking became popular, Nigerian girls were seen as good for making money, though before they were viewed as something dispensable (Faris, 2002). They found their worth only as a source of income for them, so the families are really open to sending their daughters to sex traffickers, not minding where they’re sent. It is a pretty harsh environment for these young women, because their only chance to survive is to sell themselves for sex, and in foreign soil, they have no one else to rely on except themselves. At a very young age, they have to experience such things already, all because of poverty. The adverse effects of Global Sex Trade Another reason why I believe that we should give more attention to worsening case of global sex trade is its adverse effects. These outcomes affect not only those directly involved with the sex trade, but also other people in our society. Probably the most evident effect is the increasing rate of HIV/AIDS prevalence. In a United Nations report made available through the U. N. Wire, it is said that â€Å"the influx of sex workers has sparked fears about the spread of AIDS† in various places including refugee camps, communities, and a lot more (Nuhu, 1999). The situation is worsened because some people, including government officials, lack a sense of commitment to address this problem, and the people living in the community have very limited understand about these diseases. It is also said that with the worsening case of poverty, those who are likely to be affected by HIV/AIDS are the young children who are trying to make a living out of prostitution. Solving the problem For me, I can see this as a challenge to us all. Of course, we have to consider ourselves first before we deal with others, especially in this time of need. But still, there are some things that we can do to help solve this problem. One is through information. We can contribute to the solution by spreading what we know, about the causes, the victims, and the effects of this problem. The people who are able to give or lend a hand should do so, especially if they have some extra money or help that they can spare. Even though we are dealing with the poverty problem ourselves, we could still do something to stop another problem like sex trade from worsening. It does not only protect the young people who engage in the trade, but it also protects the whole community, including us. References: Faris, S. (2002). Italy’s Sex Trade Pulls Teens Pushed by Poverty. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/1005/context/archive Gonzales, S. M. (2008). Poverty & Sex Trafficking. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. captivedaughters. org/gatesfoundation. htm Nuhu, A. (1999). Poverty Fuels Commercial Sex Trade, HIV/AIDS. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. unwire. org/unwire/19990618/3267_story. asp Shah, A. (2009). Poverty Facts and Stats. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. globalissues. org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats

Critical Evaluation of Taylorism and Fordism Essay

Taylorism is also known as scientific management which named after Frederick W. Taylor. It is a production efficiency methodology that breaks works into small and simple segments which can be easily analysed and taught. Taylorism was first mentioned in 1920s and 20 years later. Henry Ford, who was the founder of the Ford Motor Company, used the scientific management in the form of assembly line production as a method on the T-model car production of his company. This kind of production method then was developed into a new efficient methodology which is called Fordism. In this essay, it is going to critically evaluate the main features of Taylorism and compare it to Fordism and other later-developed production methodology. Firstly, it will†¦show more content†¦Although managers understand the market very well and know how to operate the marketing stuff, they do not understand what is happening on shop floor and the production process as well. â€Å"Managers lacked informatio n about workers’ abilities and the time which are reasonably required to perform industrial tasks.†(Rose 1975:33) Still, time is the main problem; the time of the production process is not set by the specific experts who understand the production and can maximum economic returns but the workers themselves who have the characteristic of natural and systematic soldiering. According to Taylor’s solution, the essence of solving inefficiency is to introduce the work study and understand how the work can be done, what can be improved and to capitalize on workers’ rationality and suppress managerial irrationality. Briefly, Taylor’s solution focus on three main broad areas: organisational structure and routine which are represented as ‘thinking department’, the measurement of work and the design of tasks and better production tools which are called ‘work study’, and the selection and motivation of workers by choosing ‘first-class man’ who does best of a particular task. The ‘Thinking Department’ play the role as the ‘shop floor manager’, which is the second principle of Taylorism, â€Å"the ‘brain work’ should be separated from theShow MoreRelatedThe Need for An Adequate Evaluation of Organization Behavior 1596 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the what, how and why of organizations (Buchanan Huczynski, 2010) . That is why an adequate evaluation of organizational behaviour is needed. This essay is going to analyse the application of a critical model of thinking to studying organizational behaviour. It is going to do so by first setting clear definitions of key terms, describing generally Taylorism, Fordism and Post-Fordism and then proceeding with analysis of different examples. These examples would relate to the above mentionedRead MoreTaylors Scientific Management Principles in Current Organizational Management Practices2332 Words   |  10 Pages74). This lack of flexibility, the main defect attributed to the Fordism model (which adopted Taylorism’s Principles with just a different philosophy during 1960-1970) was the key word for the development of Post-Fordism (Caldari, 2007: 72). Although it may seem that Post-Fordism, which emerged from the crisis of Fordism (Amin, 2008: 18), surged to challenge Fordism tenets, core principles of scientific management neglected under Fordism were implemented through the search of flexibility, applying rationalistRead MoreEntrepreneurship and Innovation Management9362 Words   |  38 Pagesworker was empowered, innovative and used his mental forces to skilfully produce a whole product. His motivation was to be a unique producer. The Industrial Revolution unfortunately killed these qualities and first under Taylorism in the late 19th century and then under Fordism in the first half of the 20th century, the worker was deskilled and allotted small specific roles to produce parts of a product which were assembled for a larger consumer base. The worker thus lost initiative and became robotRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour and Work4432 Words   |  18 Pagesnot received an impact due to successful change in organisational behavio ur. I have got other full time job in 2005 and left ‘Lush’. ‘Lush’ was looking for new demands and lay off about 100 people from work in spring, 2005. 4 D. Mendelis Taylorism and Fordism were both examples of ways in which knowledge was, or is, managed. The number of successful change of leadership traits has appears in: ïÆ' ¼ Pluralistic aims – mean about leader’s promotes a social working environment, valuing relationships andRead MoreBeer Et Al’s (1984) Harvard Model of Hrm Notes.6633 Words   |  27 Pages1 Human resource management: A critical approach David G. Collings and Geoffrey Wood Introduction Despite almost two decades of debate in the mainstream literature around the nature of human resource management (HRM), its intellectual boundaries and its application in practice, the field continues to be dogged by a number of theoretical and practical limitations. This book is intended to provide students with a relatively advanced and critical discussion of the key debates and themes around HRMRead MoreProgram Evaluation and Review Technique (Pert)6951 Words   |  28 PagesPROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT) Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a scheduling method originally designed to plan a manufacturing project by employing a network of interrelated activities, coordinating optimum cost and time criteria. PERT emphasizes the relationship between the time each activity takes, the costs associated with each phase, and the resulting time and cost for the anticipated completion of the entire project. PERT is an integrated project managementRead MoreApproaches to Organisation and Management19498 Words   |  78 Pagesmanagement; ââ€"  Ã‚  Ã‚  recognise  the  relationship  between  the  development  of  theory,  behaviour in  organisations  and  management  practice; ââ€"  Ã‚  Ã‚  establish  a  basis  for  consideration  of  aspects  of  organisational  behaviour discussed  in  subsequent  chapters. Critical  reflection ‘It  is  often  claimed  that  what  leading  writers  say  is  an  important  part  of  the study  of  management  and  organisational  behaviour.  Others  say  that  all  these different  ideas  are  little  more  than  short-term  fads  and  have  little  practical Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesUniversity, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster UniversityRead MoreEssay on Understanding Change15189 Words   |  61 PagesOrganizational Development: the humanistic approach to change 1.5.1 Intervention strategies at the individual level 1.5.2 Intervention strategies at the group level 1.5.3 Intervention strategies at the organizational level 1.6 Creativity and Volition: a Critical Theory of Change 1.6.1 Conflict, flux, and change 1.6.2 People are active agents 1.6.3 The critique of the spectator view of knowledge 1.7 Summary Study questions Exercises Further reading References 4 6 6 7 8 13 16 18 20 22 24 24 25 28 28 29Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture